Mechanical Properties of Gray Cast Iron

Mechanical Properties of Gray Cast Iron


Cast irons are the ferrous alloys which have carbon contents of more than 2%. Though cast irons can have a carbon percentage between 2 to 6.67, the practical limit is normally between 2 and 4%. These are important mainly because of their excellent casting qualities. The gray cast irons and ductile cast irons (also called nodular cast iron or spheroidal graphite iron).

When cast iron is slowly cooled, the cementite decomposes into iron and carbon in the form of graphite which is called graphitization. Cast irons where a large percentage of cementite is decomposed by graphitization are called grey cast irons. Cast iron in which graphitization has not taken place, i. e, all the carbon is in the combined form, is called white cast iron. The graphitization process requires time and therefore, when liquid cast iron is cooled rapidly, white cast iron would result. White cast iron is comparable in properties to that of high carbon steels. However, it is highly brittle and as such is not used for structural parts. It is useful for parts where abrasive wear is present. Tensile strength varies between 170 to 345 MPa and is usually about 240 MPa. The hardness ranges from 350 to 500 BHN. In view of the very high hardness, the machinability is poor and is commonly finished by grinding.

The dissociated carbon is in the form of graphite which is very soft and without any strength. Thus, it reduces the hardness and increases the machinability of cast iron. The shape of graphite present in cast irons would greatly affect its strength. When it is in a flake-like shape as in grey cast iron, the graphite breaks up continuity of iron and greatly weakens it. But it also helps in absorbing vibrational energy, as a result of which grey cast iron is normally used for the beds of machine tools. Grey cast iron is easily machinable and is the cheapest form of cast iron. Because of its low melting temperature, higher fluidity and negligible shrink-age on cooling, it is extensively used in casting processes.

Here in the following we list the mechanical properties of Gray Cast Iron from hardness, yiel strength, tensile strength, elongation and other machenical performances.


Item according to DIN EN 1561 Measure Unit EN-GJL-150 EN-GJL-200 EN-GJL-250 EN-GJL-300 EN-GJL-350
EN-JL 1020 EN-JL 1030 EN-JL 1040 EN-JL 1050 EN-JL 1060
Tensile StrengthRmMPA150-250200-300250-350300-400350-450
0.1% Yield StrengthRp0,1MPA98-165130-195165-228195-260228-285
Elongation StrengthA%0,3 – 0,80,3 – 0,80,3 – 0,80,3 – 0,80,3 – 0,8
Compressive StrengthσdBMPa6007208409601080
0,1% Compressive Strengthσd0,1MPa195260325390455
Flexural StrengthσbBMPa250290340390490
SchuifspanningσaBMPa170230290345400
Shear StressTtBMPa170230290345400
Modules of elasticityEGPa78 – 10388 – 113103 – 118108 – 137123 – 143
Poisson numberv0,260,260,260,260,26
Brinell hardnessHB160 – 190180 – 220190 – 230200 – 240210 – 250
DuctilityσbWMPa7090120140145
Tension and pressure changeσzdWMPa4050607585
Breaking StrengthKlcN/mm3/2320400480560650
Densityg/cm37,107,157,207,257,30



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